Biology Marking Period 2 Test Practice

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• What is the energy required to start a chemical reaction called?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• What adaptations do carnivores receive for their diet?
• Which base pairing occurs in DNA?
• Three stages of cellular respiration and which yields the most ATP?
• What is a mutation and how can it affect a protein?
• What is a niche?
• Which statement describes the taiga biome?
• Which molecule functions as the cellular energy currency?
• What best defines a niche?
• Which organelle is present in plant cells but not in typical animal cells?
• How does water potential influence water movement into plant roots from the soil?
• Which statement best describes osmosis in plant roots?
• What is transcription?
• What is a Punnett square used for?
• Why is genetic diversity important for populations facing environmental change?
• Which statement best describes a characteristic difference between meiosis and mitosis that contributes to genetic variation?
• What is the function of chlorophyll?
• What is a polar covalent bond?
• Which biome is typically warm year-round with heavy rainfall and thick forests?
• Define a population and a community in ecological terms.
• Which factor can denature enzymes and reduce activity?
• Which statement correctly describes lipids?
• What is a codon?
• Which organism uses alcoholic fermentation?
• Which statement describes brood parasitism?
• Which molecule is produced during photosynthesis that is used in cellular respiration?
• Explain independent assortment.
• What are codons and anticodons and where do they function?
• Describe the structure of mitochondria.
• An ionic bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating a cation and anion. Which statement best defines this bond?
• What happens in an exothermic reaction?
• How would you describe the genotype-phenotype relationship?
• Distinguish diffusion from active transport.
• What distinguishes a food chain from a food web?
• Which statement about biogeochemical cycles is true?
• Define an enzyme.
• Osmosis is defined as what?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
• Which macromolecule is not primarily eaten for energy?
• What is the basic unit of life and four major components found in most eukaryotic cells?
• Which mechanism generates genetic variation during sexual reproduction beyond Mendel’s laws?
• What are ecosystem services?
• In photosynthesis, what energy source is required to drive the reaction?
• What is the role of enzymes in a reaction and how do temperature and pH affect them?
• What controls gene expression at the transcription level?
• Which organelle is the primary site of ATP production in cellular respiration?
• Which statement explains why only about 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels?
• Which statement describes the grassland biome?
• Describe the role of producers in energy flow within ecosystems.
• What does biodiversity mean?
• Where do photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in cells?
• Describe dehydration synthesis.
• Which statement defines a mutation?
• Which statement describes nonpolar covalent bonds?
• Which statement about carbohydrates is true?
• Which statement describes mutualism?
• Which is NOT one of the main ecosystem service categories?
• Describe hydrolysis.
• Nucleotides are composed of which components and what are the roles of the polymerases?
• How do you distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
• What processes return carbon to the atmosphere from living organisms?
• What is one major difference between plant and animal cells regarding organelles?
• Which statement about lipids is true?
• What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis in genetic analysis?
• How do germline mutations differ from somatic mutations in inheritance?
• What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
• Is prey a producer, primary consumer, or secondary consumer?
• Which statement describes a mutation?
• What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
• Which statement best defines a niche?
• Which of the following is NOT typically cited as evidence for evolution?
• What is PCR and why is it useful?
• Which enzyme unwinds the double helix during DNA replication?
• Two stages of photosynthesis and which require light?
• Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis.
• Which statement about simple carbohydrates is true?
• In a simple food chain, a predator that eats herbivores is classified as which trophic level?
• Which organelle is responsible for carrying out photosynthesis in plant cells?
• Which stage directly precedes metaphase in mitosis?
• Name the primary pigment and the two common accessory pigments involved in photosynthesis.
• List the main stages of mitosis in order.
• Which organelle is the primary site of ATP production in cellular respiration?
• What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
• Which type of molecule provides the most energy based on C-C bonds?
• What does the large intestine do?
• Which equation correctly calculates the percent energy transferred to the next trophic level?
• What is the primary function of the mitochondrion in cellular respiration?
• How many covalent bonds does carbon typically form in organic molecules?
• What does the cecum do?
• What is the purpose of a pedigree?
• Which statement describes commensalism?
• What are the main components of a ribosome?
• Which portion of energy is actually passed to the next trophic level as biomass?
• Which feature increases the surface area of mitochondria for energy production?
• Which statement best differentiates genotype from phenotype?
• Where does translation occur and what is involved?
• Which statement about photosynthesis and respiration is true?
• Which of the following is an example of a biological catalyst?
• Which is an example of an exothermic reaction?
• Which statement about a niche is true?
• What is the primary function of ribosomes during protein synthesis?
• Which color represents carbon in the standard color scheme?
• What is the correct sequence of trophic levels in a typical energy pyramid from bottom to top?
• What is a chromosome and how many chromosomes are in a typical human somatic cell?
• What do catalysts do in a chemical reaction?
• Which feature best describes a desert biome?
• Define osmosis.
• Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation?
• Which description correctly matches the mode of inheritance?
• Which of the following is an example of parasitism?
• What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
• What is the relationship between the number of carbon–carbon bonds in a molecule and its energy potential when those bonds are broken?
• What describes a trophic level?
• Explain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and list factors that disrupt it.
• Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA during transcription?
• What is the primary function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
• Which color represents nitrogen in the standard color scheme?
• What is osmosis and direction of water movement in a hypertonic solution?
• Which statement best defines ecological succession?
• How do enzymes affect activation energy?
• What is DNA replication?
• Why might the products have more energy than the reactants?
• Which statement best describes a catalyst?
• Which statement best defines parasitism?
• What is ecological succession?
• In eukaryotes, transcriptional regulation occurs where and through what mechanism?
• Which statement about carrying capacity and logistic growth is correct?
• Which statement best describes the function of enzymes in living systems?
• In photosynthesis, where do the light-dependent reactions occur?
• What is translation?
• In diffusion, why do substances move from high to low concentration, and what membrane property facilitates diffusion?
• Why do atoms bond together?
• What is the primary function of the digestive system?
• Why do plant cells become turgid in fresh water and plasmolyze in salty water?
• What is predation?
• What is anaerobic respiration?
• What is the role of chloroplasts and what pigment drives the light-absorbing process?
• Which term describes living components of an environment such as predators or prey?
• Which list correctly identifies the four major macromolecule groups?
• During translation, which molecule carries the codon sequence that determines the order of amino acids?
• What is a chromosome?
• In standard color conventions for ball-and-stick models, which color and bond count correctly matches oxygen?
• Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plant cells?
• What is the valence of sulfur (atomic number 16) in a Bohr-model style diagram?
• The cecum is located between which two digestive organs?
• What is a feedback loop and how do negative and positive feedback differ? Provide typical examples.
• What is the role of tRNA?
• In terms of ATP yield, how does aerobic respiration compare to anaerobic respiration?
• Which component forms the backbone of DNA?
• In energy flow within ecosystems, what happens to most of the solar energy that enters?
• Describe the structure of a nucleotide and base pairing.
• What adaptations do herbivores receive for their diet?
• Which statement correctly describes enzymes?
• In an energy pyramid, which statement is true?
• What is symbiosis?
• What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
• Which characteristic is typical of a temperate deciduous forest biome?
• What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
• Which group of components regulates transcription in gene expression?
• Which statement best describes how the immune system recognizes pathogens?
• Rank carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins by energy potential based on C-C bonds.
• What is the primary function of carbohydrates in biology?
• Which statement best describes the energy change during product formation?
• What does biotic refer to?
• Desert plants often have adaptations for storing water. Which feature illustrates this adaptation?
• Which group forms the base of most energy pyramids by capturing solar energy?
• Write the balanced general equation for photosynthesis.
• Which of the following defines activation energy?
• Define natural selection and explain how it leads to adaptation.
• Which of the following is a type of evidence supporting evolution?
• Which macromolecule group provides structural carbohydrates in plant cell walls?
• Which example illustrates codominance?
• How many nucleotides are in a codon?
• Which feature characterizes the tundra biome?
• In commensalism, which statement is true?
• What adaptations do omnivores receive for their diet?
• Which is an example of a biological catalyst?
• Which statement about osmosis is correct?
• Which statement explains why product bonds are stronger and release energy?
• Which macromolecule contains the most C-C bonds?
• What role do decomposers play in ecosystems?
• Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy. Which description best explains this mechanism?
• Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell?
• What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
• Is vegetation a producer, primary consumer, or secondary consumer?
• In ecology, which term describes a group of populations of different species living together in a defined area?
• How do vaccines train the immune system and which type of immunity do they primarily enhance?
• Which feature characterizes the tundra biome?
• Which characteristic is NOT typical of a tropical rainforest biome?
• Fill in the blank: Energy is ______ causing a bond.
• Which statement best differentiates polar covalent bonds from nonpolar covalent bonds?
• What is interspecific competition?
• Define homeostasis.
• What is a competitive inhibitor in enzymology?
• Which color represents hydrogen in common color conventions for atomic models?
• How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
• What does carrying capacity mean?
• Which description correctly defines a biogeochemical cycle?
• What does the small intestine do?
• What is natural selection?
• Which statement about negative feedback in homeostasis is true?
• What is the primary purpose of a Punnett square in a monohybrid cross?
• How do bacteria differ from viruses in structure and replication?
• How does the immune system identify pathogens?
• What is a characteristic of proteins?
• A codon codes for what?
• What are trophic levels?
• What is the relationship between enzymes and activation energy?
• Which statement describes a producer?
• Which statement describes why atoms form bonds in terms of electron pairing in outer shells?
• Which statement best describes a grassland biome?
• Which macromolecule group includes enzymes?
• Which statement best describes how sexual and asexual reproduction affect genetic variation?
• How does meiosis create genetic variation?
• During photosynthesis, where do light-dependent reactions occur and what gas is released?
• Which pigments serve as accessory pigments alongside the primary pigment in photosynthesis?
• Which pigment is most directly involved in photosynthesis?
• In anaerobic respiration, which byproducts are commonly produced?
• What happens to most energy as it moves through trophic levels?
• Which process is endothermic?
• Where does translation occur?
• What is osmoregulation and give an example.
• Which pairing correctly matches a symbiotic relationship?
• What happens in an endothermic reaction?
• Which molecules are produced by photosynthesis?
• What is aerobic respiration?
• What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?
• In a monohybrid cross Aa x Aa for a trait with complete dominance, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes among offspring?
• If a consumer receives 100 energy units and 10 units are stored as biomass, what percent is transferred?
• During energy transfer in ecosystems, what happens to most of the energy that is not stored in organisms?
• What is negative feedback in homeostasis?
• Differentiate between a gene and an allele.
• On average, what percent of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
• In a monohybrid cross Aa x Aa, what is the genotype ratio of offspring?
• What does abiotic refer to?
• Fill in the blank: Energy is ______ causing broken bonds.
• Which statement best describes aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
• Which biome is described as having evergreen coniferous forests and long winters?
• What is intraspecific competition?